This example focuses on evaluating the vertical load response of a single barrette pile within a group configuration, using appropriate cyclic symmetry boundary conditions. Two modelling approaches are employed: the volume element method and the embedded beam formulation. This unit cell model forms the foundation for the complete 3D analysis of the pile-raft system presented in the related study “3D Analysis of a Pile-Raft Foundation.”

As part of this example, a mesh sensitivity analysis is conducted to:

• Determine the minimum mesh density required to achieve reliable results, and 
• Optimize the balance between computational cost and solution accuracy for the full 3D foundation model.

In the first part of the study, the barrette is modelled using volume (continuum) elements. The soil parameters are those previously calibrated against experimental data from a pile load test, as described in the companion article “3D Back-Analysis of an O-Cell Pile Load Test.”

The second part of the analysis will explore the use of the embedded beam approach to represent the pile. This section will focus on the modelling strategy and parameter settings specific to this formulation, enabling a direct comparison of both approaches in terms of performance and practical application.