- Check vibration criteria. See points 1 and 2 in Kanti Mahajan.
- Calculate maximum wind velocity at top of the structure. See points 5 and 6 in Kanti Mahajan.
- Calculate first and second critical wind velocity, V1 and V2
where S = 0.2 (Strouhal number)
V2 = 6.25.
If the design wind velocity V>V1, perform the detailed vibration analysis from step 3 below with V1
If the design wind velocity V>V2, perform the detailed vibration analysis from step 3 below with V2
If V1 or V2 > 60 mph/27 m/s, ignore the calculation for that V value as there is cutoff for maximum critical wind speed for design consideration (page 120).
- Consider default value of lift coefficient, CL=0.5, normally lift coefficient is 0.4-0.6 (page 111) for practical engineering. Allow users to input CL as optional to default.
- Create table 4.3 (page 116) in 2 dropdown selections for evaluation of logarithmic decrement, δ and Magnification Factor, M.F. Allow 2 dropdowns selections
- Selection of soil types (Soft – I, Stiff – II, Rock, Very Stiff – III)
- Equipment type (Tall process columns, unlined stacks, lined stacks)
Determine δ and M.F. from the above selected combinations
- Determine equivalent force F=0.00086 (CL x M.F.)(d x H x V12) (replace V1 by V2 as needed)
Where, d = outside projected dia., ft., H= total column height, ft.
- This force F acts on the top of the column so calculate the moments at each level in same way as static wind load analysis.
Note in the example only the moment at the junction of column and skirt is considered but APV has different approach of calculating at each individual level
- Perform fatigue analysis at the bottom tangent line weld joint
- Evaluate the cyclical stress range SR=2S, where S is the bending stress due to F acting at the top. We’ll be taking the maximum of |σM| , |σz| , |σeq| .The calculation of SR in the example is confusing and we need to follow the standard practice of calculating the bending stress as implemented in the program S= σ = M/section modulus, section modulus = π (r24-r14)/4r2
- calculate number of cycles to failure, N = (K/βSR)n (page 118)
- where, n=5, K=780,000 (these values are for carbon steel, no other value specified for any other grade or type of steel)
stress intensification factor, β as follows
β = 1.2, shell plate with smooth finish,
β = 1.8, butt weld
β = 3.0 fillet weld
- Allow users to select value for β from dropdown, default β = 2.0
- Allow user to specify safety factor, S.F. Default S.F.=20.
- Safe vibration time or service life considering weld fatigue due to wind vortex induced vibration = (N/S.F.)x T/3600 x(1/24)x(1/365) years
- T=time period (seconds per cycle) = 1/f
Reference: Henry H. Bednar, PE. (1991). Pressure Vessel Design Handbook Second Edition. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.